Waa inaad ku caddeedid marka aad iibixiyeed qaybaha microwave

Doorshaha Natiijooyinka Qalabka Microwave: Dk, Df, iyo Doorashada Substrate

Sababta Muumitaadka Dielectric (Dk) Weyn Tahay Sida Loogu Talagalayo Natiijooyinka PCB Microwave

Qaab-dhigga dielectric, ama Dk sida injiinierada leeyihiin, si jinggan ah u qodda sida lacagta elektromagnetic ee ka soo diraayo carruur kala duwan, taas oo muhiim ah marka loo sameeyo dastaaradda microwave. Marka aynu ku hadalno qiimaha Dk la aaminsan oo taariikhda ±0.05, waxaanu kaa ilaaliyaa sidaas daraadirka sare si ahaan u wanaagsan iyo wixii kooban oo kore 10 GHz. Tusaale ahaan, kompositada ceramic la guuray PTFE, habaabayaasha tan ayaa samaysan kara inay isku daydo qiimaha Dk-ood magacdarada 2.94 ilaa 3.2, hataa marka aan jidhka u socoto hoos 50 digriideed Celsius ilaa kor 150 digriideed. Amaanaha kan siisaa macluumaadka weyn in ay noqotaa xulashooyin fiican oo lagu dhibay impedansiga farsamada 5G cusub ee millimeter wave halkaas oo saxidmahan inta uu muhiim yahay.

Tusaalooyinkani waxay tusaaleeyaan sababta kharashada ugu sarreeya ee ka hor iftiyaminaya FR-4 caadiga ah, Dk ay ku xadidaya si qalafsan taranka, taas oo abuuya beddelo nisba iyo dhibaatada sigoora.

Yar Yar (Df) iyo Xaqiiqda Kaalmo Si Tijjin

Materiyallada ka yar Df (Low dissipation factor) waxay caawiyaan in lagu haysto xaqiiqda sigooyinka sababtoo ah ma qabto awood si weyn oo kaa bixinta dhaawacyada dielectric. Marka la isticmaalayo sawirka mididka 28 GHz, waxaanu arkay dhammaan farriin weyn marka la isticmaalayo substrates ee leh qiimaha Df hoose 0.004, tan iyo waalidka FR-4 caadiga ah, ku xisaabinta dhibaatada galinta (insertion loss) wuxuu u dhiman karaa ilaa 22%. Qaar ka mid ah materiyallada ceramic sare ee la sameeyo karbon-haydroogs ayaa iman karaa heerarka Df si jeer 0.0015, taasoo noqon doona tiro gaar ah radar-kada marka awoodda sigooyinka ay tahay muhiim. Munaaxadkan ay u baahan yihiin dhibaatooyin ka hoose 0.1 dB per inch frequencies 77 GHz. Marka la eegayo cadadka loo taliyo design-ka high frequency printed circuit board, inaad ka haysataan Dk iyo Df oo si toos ah ayaa kordhin karaa awoodda power amplifier ilaa 18% satellite communication systems. Tani nooc-gudubba awoodda waxaa ugu dambeeya marqaati dheer munaaxadka kama jira.

Xusuusta PTFE, Rogers, iyo Substrates Ceramic-Based Microwave Applications

• PTFE : Wuxuu siinayaa kaalmo yar (Df=0.002) laakiin wuu qalmaa istaabilta mekaaniska ahi (CTE=70 ppm/°C), taas oo xad-dhaafaya furitaanka.
• Laminaatada la buuxiyey Siraamik : Siinaysaa habaynta xoogga cidda sare—si toos ah 3 W/mK markii loo eego 0.2 W/mK ee PTFE—waxaana loo yaqaan tixraaca RF ee xoogga sare.
• Alaabta la isticmaalayo Hydrocarbon : Siinaysaa khaasada elektariska iyo mekaaniska tasu, Dk=3.5±0.05 iyo dhexdheerka midhuuxda hoose 0.02%.

Laminaatada Rogers 4003-series waxaa la isticmaal jiray radar-ka guriga (76–81 GHz) sabiila istaabilta saamaynta saxda ah (<0.3%) durka lamination, taas oo garanaya aaminimo dheer-dherer ee nidaamka lagaga filanayo nabadgelyada.

Qaybaha PCB ku dhawday: Isku dayninta Alaabta RF iyo Alaabta Caadiga ah (tusaale ahaan, Rogers + FR4)

Qaybaha ku dhawday way isku daraysaa alaabta RF ee u fiican lambaraha digital ee leh qiimonna caadi ah, taas oo u kala bixiya qiimaha guud 30–40% iyadoo aan la qalbiyin awoodda sigoorta. Xaqiiqo caadiga ah waxaa ku jira:

1. Sareynta RF : 2–4 sare lambaraha Rogers RO4350B (Dk=3.48) si ay ugu adeegaan feedarka anteenada iyo xidhooyinka badbaadka sare
2. Layalaha Diijitaalka : FR-4 siyaasadda xirfadaha iyo maamulka nidaamka hawa dhigga
3. Bogga Iltiqa : Iltiqa kalsoonid ah oo loo isticmaalo qaybaha la kaxaysan capactance si loo maamulo kororka soo noqnoqda

Kanu marinka taas waxa ku caawiya in ay ka shaqeeyaan laydnaha 94 GHz waveguide sida asteensaska hababka, halka aan raacdo staandarda IPC-6018 Class 3 ee tafiisiga.

Qaab-dhismeedka Dhaadhiska iyo Elekarakida ee Qaybaha Miciilka Sare ee Microwave

Jihooyinka Dhaadhiska ee Cabbayaasha Microwave Marka La Shaqeeyo Bogga Miciilka Sare

Xaangashada geesood ugu yaraan khaadh u leh wajiya in la sameeyo, tan macnaheedu weydiimaha maadooyin oo si wanaagsan u socda sii ka badan 0.5 W/m·K haddii aannu rabno in aan idmada cayimaadka jidhka ilaaliyo iyo in aan sigooyinku ka dhacdo. Substraayitka seeramik waxay leedahay tijaabo wanaagsan, socotaa ilaa barabar 24 W/m·K, sidaa darteed waxay shaqeyn doonaan dhammaan 5G base station-ka iyo xirmaha saayinsiga satelaydka ee awoodga leh ee kor saaran maareynta jidhka. Shaaxda soo jeedin karisay sanadkii labaad waxa ku qorshay sida microwave-ku jidhka sameeyo, taasoo lagu ogaaday waxa muhiim ah: ka dib marka laga duwan 10 GHz, astaanta badan waxaa lost gareeyaa jidhka sababtoo ah noocaha dielectric. Tan macnaheedu weydiimaha substraayitka in ay tahay low loss tangent, waayo inta aad ugu yar 0.002, kadibna komponenkti waxay awoodaan in ay cimriyaan iyo bilaabiyaan in ay dhasho mudo dheer.

Ilaalinta Xaqiiqda Geesood Ugu Yaraan Khaadh U Leheeda Si Aan Sigooyinka Loo Gaaro

Ilaalinta xaqiiqda sax (±5% tolerance) waxa loo baahan yahay in la ka hortago sidaas oo sigooyinku ka dhacdaan 28 GHz iyo ka hooseeya. Sidaas sameeyn karta:

• Dooro materiyallal sida Rogers 4350B oo leh Dk la istaagga dhexdooda
• Soo saara algoritmada etch compensation si ay ugu fiican tahay toosyada fiican (hadii kore 0.1 mm)
• Xaqiijin in laga saaro heerka laminaatka hoos (keeno <3%)

Tusaalooyinkani xaqiijinaya in kala duwanaansho yar lahaa impedance wakhtiga u shubinta, taas oo taageeraya dhisidda siignalka awood u leh ee siignalka nidaamkaha mmWave

Tiraashada Dielectric iyo Awoodda Siignalka Farsamahood ee Isticmaalka Runta ah

Dk wuxuu si toos ah u saara tasisnimo kismaanka, waqti helaynta, iyo kaalmo buuxinta. Xusuusta hoose waxaa muujiya isku darka muhiimka ah:

Waxqabadaha farsamada, substrates la buuxiyey seeramik ku xirantaa dhibaatooyinka isku qotoobsan khaaska ah 73% ka badan FR4 caadiga ah, taasoo lagu talagalay biloodka Pike Research 2023.

Qaababka Qorshooyinka Soodhawshay ee Aasaaskartida Microwave Ixmasan

Qaababka Etching iyo Dheerinta Ixmasan ee PCBs Microwave ugu fiican

Sii socodka tolertansiga gaar ah ee ka hooseysa 15 micrometer ayaa loo baahan yahay habab u fudud oo in la sameeyo. Qorshaha LDI ee hadda jira waxay ku dhismaan karaan ka hooseysa 25 micrometer, taasoo samatabbaan inaajmaha raadaha xoog badan ahaan lagu dhalmo boosihii 5G iyo isticmaalka millimeter wave. Marka la sheegayo in la dhiso vias, shirkadaha waxay ilaaliya inay isticmaalaan deeqdeeqga laaserka UV sax ah badanaa ilaa inay isticmaalaan xidhidda mekaniikada guurka. Sidaas daraaddeed? Weydiinka waa in ka yar 40% ka weyn inta laga saaro madhanaha dielectric, taasoo macnaha sameynaya in ka weyn siyaaso kale oo signal iyo in ka yar inta lacagta lagu guda jiro. Dhammaan murtiyeedkan aan arkay sida buuxda ayaa sabab u ah cusubinnaanta joogto ah ee teknoolojiga micro machining ee kororka.

Hababka Laminaatiyada PCBs Microwave multi-layer

Marka la shaqeeyo leebadaha PCB ee microwave ee leelo badan, baahimaha u baahan yihiin fashilado khaas ah ee lamination si ay u qaban kaabayaasha xoog badan marka la isticmaalayo. Si loo helo dhammaan caawiya, geeddu badan ayaa dooranaya inay isticmaalan lamination hooseysa oo taas oo ah darajada 5 psi ama ka yar, iyagoo raacaya hababka xidhidda tartiiba. Tanu wuxuu caawinaysa si aasaasadda dielectric ay si toos ah u soo gudbin doonto board-ka, taas oo muhiim ah marka lagu salaysado ku tilmaamida hybrid ee la iskudhuftay aasaasado kala duwan. Warbixin waddani waxay sheegtay in isticmaalka prepregs oo leh void content yar ka yar 1% wuxuu shaqeynayaa fiican marka la jiriyo core-ka copper invar copper. Kuwankani waxay ku xidhaan fagaaraha coefficient of thermal expansion ilaa ka yar 2 parts per million per degree Celsius. Arrintan saxda ah waxay noqon kartaa faraanta si loo haysto istaambulka signaliga komponinta aerospace ee horeynaha ee kor u qabato shuruudaha xun oo maalintii maalintii.

Sida Teknoolojia Gaara Saamiska U Horumariya Astaanta iyo Isku Midka

Marka la isticmaalayo isdiiwaan celcelis ah oo ku xigeeya xalinta xadgudubka si ay u kala saaraan dhalinta xadgudubka, sanaacayaashu waxay ku badan doonaan qofka dhimma, kadibna waxay ka dhiman karaan dhimashada si toos ah, mararka qaarkood waxay ka dhiman kartaa ilaa 30%. Wixii laga etch gareeyo iyo lacag bixinta, raad-raaca daqiiqadeed waxay kaalmo leh inay ilaaliyaan heerka impedaansiga si joogto ah ugu dhow isku dheelitirka, mararka qaarkood waxay ku jiraan ilaa iyo +2%. Hababka cusbaarka ee ugu dambeysa ee uun siinida waxay beddeli kartaa. Halkaas waxaa lagama maarmaan in lagu daboolo saaro RF (Radio Frequency) si toos ah ku tiirsan meelaha la isku dayriyey ama loo baahanyahay, tan iyo marka hore loo isticmaalay foomka insaanka. Hababkan ma aha inay ka saarato khaladaha insaanka, laakiin waxay sidoo kale kala saaran kartaan horumarinta tijaabinta, waxayna kala saarn karaan si toos ah 18 decibel (dB) wakhtigooda ay socdaan ilaa 40 gigahertz (GHz). Dhammaan horumarinta teknoolojiga kan waxay samayn kartaa in lagu sameeyo qodobada microwave-ka badan, halkaasna waxay fulin kartaa shaacaddaha caawimaadka in ay tahay in ay tahay mid weyn oo lagama maarmaan marka hore.

Dhisidda Qallooca iyo Simulayshinka Si Caafimaad U Mid Ah Khaasidaadka Qalabka Microwave

Waxyaabaha Ah ee Dhisidda Qalloocinta loo Baahan yahay Boqorka Sare

Marka la shaqeyo saacadaha microwave ee ka mid ah 1 ilaa 300 GHz, siinid dhaqdhaqaaqa saacadda saxda ah waxa loo baahan yahay in lagu dhaqmo sidaas daraaddeed in lagu dhaqmo calaamadaha aan raalli ahayn. Wajibka wajibka ah waa inay socotaa karis 50 ohms si ay dhammaan u fududeen. Kala duwanaansho yar yar, siyaasadii kaliya 5%, waxa laga heli karaa aragti aabbaaddoon ah si toosan marka la shaqeysa saacadaha 24 GHz. Warbixin madaxbannaan ku qoran sanadkii labaad oo ka horre adoo ku sharxaya Socdaada Microwave Theory and Techniques Society ee IEEE wuxuu isticmaalay in boggaga leh dhulka aan isku daynin waxay dib u soo diriraysaa iskuulka 18% ka badan boggaga leh arrimo isku dhafan. Muhandisiirta oo ka wadaadaya maqalaha RF-ulluri waxay ku daabacaan qaabiyada muhiimka ah sida amplifier iyo filiteriga dibedda kale ee boggga halkaas oo kale ay ka timid xiloonida digital ee ka timmaan komponinta dhow. Tani waxa loo sameeyaa in lagu hortago xiloonida aan rabnayn inay gudujiyaan iskuulka microwave cusub.

Wajiita iyo tijaabinta xarafaha Microwave Hore Seef

Qalabta sida ANSYS HFSS iyo Keysight ADS hadda way ku guulaysan tahay inay kaga bixiyaanso S-parameters tan oo qaladka ka yar 2% marka loo eego xumeeyaha 110 GHz. Marka lagu salidsado filtryada loogu yeero teknoolojiga 5G, sheegga saaran ee jeedka elektromagnetic ayaa dhaqmisay murkamida la baahnaayo in la sameeyo mudnaan. Warbixinna sayniska 2023 ugu dambeysay waxa ila dhaqmi kartaa 40% dhan hoos u dhacidda murkamida amplifiers caaya-dheer. Oo ha noqonin arrin aad u muhiim ah siyaasadda jidhka guduudka. Wixii kala duwan ee jidhka kaliya wuu keeni karaa dhibaatada weyn siistamkani. Waxaannu arkay hal abaalmarro in keliya 15 daraja Celsius mabdaasho ay sababi karto beddelitaanka xumeeyaha resonant siiba 0.3% galabka lacagta la isticmaalayo maraynta substrate. Tusaale kan si jiifto ah u shaqeeyaa kalibrashada saxda siistamka haddii lana cabsado.

Isku dayinta Impedance iyo Kontrolka Awooddada Koorida Ugu Dambeysa

Xaqiijinta ugu dambeysa wuxuu ku hadla in la isticmaalayo furder Time-Domain Reflectometry (TDR), kaas oo garantiya <1% impedance tolerance dhammaan xarunta microwave. Per IPC-6012E (2023 update), in lagu nafto:

• ±3% jawaabka kala duwanaansho farqaha jajabka si ay u gaaraan 40 GHz
• <0.25 dB iskuulka kala duwanaansho dhexdooda tan iyo tan production

Nidaamka modern ah ee AOI heli kartaa 99.98% ka mid ah harammada microwave, micnayn microvoids ka soo baxday plated through-holes, iyadoo loo garantiyaa in keliya tan aad u guulaysan tahay loo isticmaalo.

Iskuulka Awood iyo Xaqiijinta Ahyadda Microwave Parts

Iskuulka Awood ee Ka Shaqeeya Qarnoodka Cimriga iyo Halka Dhaadhiska

Ku saabsan komponentaha microwave, waxay u baahan yihiin in ay ka soo baxaan tijaabooyinka xooggan kamaayaanka mid ka mid ah in ay la gooyo sannadkii keliya. Dhexeeya celsiuska -40 iyo +125 waxaa loo dhisaa tilmaamada afaf kala duwan si loo ogaado maaddada socotama. Marka kale waxaa jira tijaabinta xuduuda oo meelaha lagu xasuuto boqortooyinka 85 ilaa 85% xuduud wakhtiga 100 ama 1000 saa. Tijaabtan waxay caawinaysaa in lagaga arko arrimo sida saxidka laga qaado ku qalabka PTFE iyo ku qalabka ceramic hybrid oo aadna u adag in lagu shaqeelo. Shaaxda dhawaac ah ee dhace sanadkii danbe waxa uu eegay astaamaha kalsoonida iyo waxa uu heli dayn kasta oo leh barasho kala duwan. Komponethakan waxay muujinaysaa beddelka 3% kaliya ee xidhka dielectric marka ay ka soo baxaan 700 tilmaamo xoogga, taas oo fadlanaya shuruudaha IEC 61189-3. Waa shey nacasnimo ah marka loo eego shararka xooggan oo komponentahan ku qabsatama.

Xasiloonida Dahsoonka Sigmooyinka Sanamyada Dhererka Ugu Yaraan Kharashada Barakaska

Marka komponenku u baahan yahay inay shaqadaan magacyo ku jira korrosion ama xad-dhaafinta mekaniikaal, waa inay dhalisaa midhaha MIL-STD-202 Hees 107. Materiyalka Rogers RO4000 series kale waa inay leedahda stabillity mideysan, ka ilaalinaya taasoo ah badbaadintii dielectric constant si toos ah ugu yaraan 1.5% haddana marka la socoto saacadaha 5,000 ee la kala duwanaado habeenyada 95%. Tanu waa in ay ku filan yihiin istaagga sida raadar array phased iyo xidhidda satelaytka, halka awooddarro leh ay tahay muhiimka ugu badan. Adoo iskudaynaya shaqada marka lagula soo bixiyey standarka deegaanka, maajarreyyada waxaa loo amaray inay ilaaliyaan dacwadda sigmooyinka hoose kaga duwan 0.15 dB per inch frequencies gaadhitaanka 40 GHz. Tallaabadaas waxaa la kulmay IPC-6018 Class 3A standarka loo baahan yahay istaaggan caawimaadka ugu weyn, halka aan lahayn in la garaarsado.